IDENTIFY THE STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Important events during the stage and why the revolution took place
1. NormalcyThe Qing dynasty ruled China under an Imperialist system. The very last emperor, Puyi, chosen by Empress Dowager Cixi, inherited the throne in 1908 when he was still only a toddler, with no knowledge on how to rule a country. All affairs were taken care by Empress Dowager Longyu, who adopted Puyi when Empress Cixi passed away.
2. Criticism of existing regimeOrganizations that were pro-reform were formed as early as 1890s, the one of the earliest groups recorded being Yeung Ku-wan's Furen Literary Society, formed in Hong Kong. Sun Yat Sen, a renowned revolutionary formed the Revive China Society in Honolulu, aimed to raise funds for a revolution. In 1894, the two groups later joined forces. Sun Yat Sen was quoted to state his ultimate goal for China was "to expel the Tatar barbarians (the Manchu people), the revive Zhonghua (Former name of China), to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equality among the people."
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3. Widespread dissastifactionThe Han Chinese (which were the majority of China, today accounting to 92% of the Mainland) felt little loyalty towards the royals of the Qing Dynasty (as most of the royals were of Manchu ethnicity). Many started to lose their faith in the Qing dynasty as China lost a number of outlying islands, such as French Indochina, Taiwan and Korea, and consequently was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki, allowing Japan full sovereignty to parts of China. The peasants and farmers started the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, which sparked the revolution.
4. Transfer of powerSoon, the Qing dynasty's military army joined the rebels as they wanted reform. Emperor Puyi was forced to resign in 1912, ending centuries of imperialist rule. The military's general, Yuan Shikai was chosen by Sun Yat Sen to be the new leader, and Sun Yat Sen became the president of the provisional republic. A new senate and lower house was formed, with Sun Yat Sen leading his new political party; the Kuomintang Party (The Chinese Nationalists Party).
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5. Civil warIn 1905, Sun Yat-sen formed a small army in the Northwestern territory of Xinjiang, hoping it would grow large enough to create a revolution. Within 5 years, Sun Yat-sen's army grew with support from more Chinese people, and even earned the support of the Malaysian army. On 10 October 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out and the revolutionaries began to attack the Qing forces. Revolutionary group leaders worked together to overthrow the government and quickly gained power and popularity.
6. Reign of terrorGroup leaders of revolutionary groups gained control from things like the Wuchang uprising and worked together to overthrow government. Revelutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, unity begins to dissolve. Though the new government creates the Republic of China and establishes the seat of government in Nanjing, it fails to unify the country under its control. Power gained by progressively more radical groups, lunatic fringe gains control. Qing court transfers power to the new republic, a provisional coalition government and the National Assembly are formed. Many reforms are forcing people to believe things they don’t want to or do. China’s Qing dynasty is overthrown by moderate groups. Republic of China is then formed after the revolution.
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7. Thermidorian reactionAfter the spread of Republican ideologies throughout whole of China and the last emperor Puyi's abdication, the nation changed from absolute monarchy rule to a multi-party republic government under generalissimo rule. The Republic of China was established in 1912 and Sun Yat-sen became the founding father and first president. He was also nicknamed the “Father of the Nation” by the state and "democratic revolution forerunner" by the People's Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen had Three Principles of the People created to strengthen China: Nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood.
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